Grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective of. Because language change and, in particular, grammaticalization is traced back to small changes that take place in actual usageevents, the. He considered lexical items to be the source of most instances of grammaticalization, but also included word order, and lexical items in context of phrases. In sranan the word taki, derived from english talk, is used as a complementizer. The results indicate that a number of african languages have a. Grammatical reanalysis and the multiple nwords in african. This chapter investigates the main grammaticalization processes found in oceanic languages.
Pdf questions about diachronic change as it relates to tense and aspect ta range. In connection with verbs of posture and localization sit, be at a place, of motion go updown, come, return, follow and with verbs such as take, make, do as sources, different paths of development will be described that give rise to various. Due to lack of data, and also due to the linguistic. A conceptual framework bernd heine, ulrike claudi and friederike hunnemeyer.
Minimalist parameters consist of choices of feature specifications as the child acquires a lexicon, as in borer 1984, dubbed the borer chomsky conjecture by baker 2008. Grammaticalization in oceanic languages oxford scholarship. Have you ever asked yourself how to destroy a language. Meillet 1912 and kurylowicz 1965 argue that grammaticalization is a change from lexical to grammatical content or from hybrid. Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization elizabeth. The former includes socalled degrammaticalisation, while the. Contactinduced grammaticalization evidence from bilingual acquisition. Request pdf on jan 1, 2010, walter bisang and others published grammaticalization in chinese find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. The various roles that reanalysis, analogy, and frequency play in grammaticalization are also discussed. Providing rich exemplification from african languages, the authors described grammaticalization as a result of problem solving, in which speakers use existing forms for new functions. Another important work was heine and rehs grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984. This work focussed on african languages synchronically from the point of view of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization process is similar in both cases. Ebook describing morphosyntax as pdf download portable.
Originally trained at the university of rochester, focusing on romance languages, he now has a primary research focus on sociophonetics, morphosyntax, and identity construction in african american language. An extra thank you, hazel gray, for sharing kisi data as well as thoughts and data on manda. Introduction typical sources for adpositions across languages are relational nouns and transitive verbs, hence elements that already display an argument slot see lehmann 1995b. Semantic reanalysis in grammaticalization in chinese. Grammaticalization of spatial adpositions in nanafwe amani bohoussou and stavros skopeteas 1. Grammaticalization studies have traditionally focused on european languages, and to a lesser extent also on languages of eastern asia, i. Chinese chapter 65 by chappell and peyraube, korean chapter 63 by rhee, and japanese chapter 64 by narrog and ohori. It shows that grammaticalisation theory not only offers a means of reconstructing earlier states in the history of african languages but can also be of use for explaining structural characteristics of these languages. Grammaticalization and parametric variation oxford. Additionally, although the sociohistorical evidence suggests that aae is a restructured english variety, semantic reanalysis is not a necessary strategy for restructured englishes.
Consider the following example, from an older period of chinese. Reanalysis definition and meaning collins english dictionary. The prototypical instance of language change called grammaticalization is a change where a. Seventeen chapters follow, divided into two parts, the first part concerned with grammaticalization and the second part with. I wonder whether we focus too much in descriptions on standard languages and ignore the colloquial, where we find e. Describing morphosyntax top results of your surfing describing morphosyntax start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. The authors demonstrate that nigga is unspecified for race, gender, or humanness. African american vernacular english aave is developing a class of previously undescribed function words, facilitated by the semantic generalization of the word nigga.
Grammaticalization, constructions and the incremental. The study of grammaticalization raises a number of fundamental theoretical issues pertaining to the relation of langue and parole, creativity and automatic coding, synchrony and diachrony, categoriality and continua, typological characteristics and languagespecific forms, etc. Afroasiatic languages are spoken along north africa e. A long article about grammaticalization of adpositions in spanish and portuguese based creoles. Grammaticalization of spatial adpositions in nanafwe amani. In this study, the analysis of three processes of grammaticalization verb classifier, verb auxiliary, and verb preposition provides evidence that semantic reanalysis is an independent mechanism of semantic change in grammaticalization gram in chinese. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken. In certain linguistic areas such as west africa and southeast asia, a verb originally meaning say often serves as a complementizer meaning that. Grammaticalization of demonstratives as subordinate complementizers in ngumpinyapa an earlier version of this paper was presented at the blackwood australianist workshop and at the als conference in 2003, and thanks go to colleagues who provided comments at those meetings and later. This blueprint was inherited from the substrate languages and applied to the word forms of the lexifier language. My sincerest appreciation for taking your time to answer sometimes long and complicated questions about your languages of expertise, robert botne, nobuko yoneda, gastor mapunda, heidrun kroger, bastian persohn and amani lusekelo. Cambridge core linguistic anthropology grammaticalization by paul j. Aug 18, 2010 he has published a number of articles on arabic linguistics, including apposition, grammaticalization, reanalysis, semantic bleaching, and semantic extension in the encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill, 20062009. Leading scholars from around the world introduce and discuss the core theoretical and methodological bases of grammaticalization, report on work in the field, and point to promising.
Grammaticalization find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Some estimates place the number of languages at around 3000. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984, with. Africa is a continent that contains 54 countries and more than 2100 completely different languages. In the following section, a background to the bantu languages and especially swahili is provided. This article aims to provide an overview of grammatical developments or grammaticalisation in african languages. Grammaticalization begins in a very local context such as 7a, in which go cooccurs with a nonfinite.
The fundamental insight of grammaticalization also called grammaticization is grammation, a change from lexical to grammatical content via reanalysis of a lexical item to be merged in a functional category, as emphasized in andersen 2008. This study investigates some instances of linguistic development in the acquisition of a second language that might be subsumed under the issue of grammaticalization. Grammaticalization, language contact and creole formation as conceded by hopper and traugott 1993. Traugott 50 regard grammaticalization as a subset of changes involved in reanalysis.
Grammaticalization in sinitic languages oxford handbooks. Grammaticalization of arabic prepositions and subordinators. Desemanticization by this process, a lexical item receives a second, nonlexical function, which may ultimately become its only function. Bernd heine, professor of african languages at the university of. Ordinary and notsoordinary cases article pdf available in studies in language 332.
Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization 1 others, on the other hand, attribute as little as possible to the role of parameters and to universal grammar in general. Grammaticalization linguistics oxford bibliographies. The articles address a number of themes central to grammaticalization studies, such as the role of reanalysis and analogy in grammaticalization, the formal modelling of grammaticalization, and the relationship between formal and functional change, using data from a range of languages, and in some cases from particular electronic corpora. The readership we have in mind for this book includes. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization heiko narrog. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages bernd heine mechthild reh grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages l lutuiiii. References a b s t r a c t the article starts by describing grammaticalizationa kind. In 1991, heine, claudi and hunnemeyer made an important contribution to this approach with grammaticalization.
Grammaticalization wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. This brief description of the grammaticalization of the swahili completive aspect marker sha. Request pdf on jan 1, 2008, walter bisang and others published grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective of east and mainland south east asian languages find, read and cite all. C hristopher h all is a linguist and a consultant with culturepoint, llc. Well, language omega has asked because he has just conquered the country of language alpha and he. A clearer assessment of possible time spans remains an objective of future research. In both developments, abstract grammatical meanings are. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken in africa, givon suggested that the syntax of a language determines the morphosyntactics of the a xal morphology that eventually evolves givon w97 w. This article provides an overview of the history of grammaticalisation in sinitic languages. In the extreme case of language contact represented by creole languages, some have questioned whether grammaticalization takes place at all in such cases. The postdeterminer construction is the result of reanalysis of the binominal construction denison 2002. Link to a paper by anthony aristar and helen dry on the role of deixis in grammaticalization.
Grammaticalization in african languages oxford handbooks. It discusses the evolution of the disposal or object marking constructions, passive and causative constructions, and classifiers. Grammar and grammaticalization in manda an analysis of the. Heine, bernd, 1939 grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. However, heine and reh 1984 distinguish between grammaticalization and reanalysis. Grammaticalization, the process of converting regular lexical items and structures into conventionally interpreted grammatical morphemes, has tradition. They argue that there are multiple nwords, fulfilling different grammatical and social functions. The behaviourbeforecoding principle in syntactic change. Particularly, studies of african languages suggest hat certain kinds of t developments proceed faster than others, for example, tenseaspect systems seem to emerge in a much smaller period of time than, say, noun class systems. The book opens with a detailed introduction to the ideas and techniques deployed in the book and the phenomena and issues on which they are brought to bear. In this book the methods and theories of formal syntax are focussed on grammatical variation and change. The model of grammatical change used in this study refers to two main mechanisms. The article starts by describing grammaticalizationa kind of language change on basis of examples. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes.
Lord presents data from a number of african and asian languages in which a. Pdf grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and sranan volume 2 issue 3 gillian sankoff. This book presents the state of the art in research on grammaticalization, the process by which lexical items acquire grammatical function, grammatical items get additional functions, and grammars are created. The type noun is demoted from head status, and the string sortkind of forms together with the primary determiner a complex determiner, as in 2, in which this reanalysis is overtly reflected by the lack of concord between these and kind. A group of linguists tried to develop the idea that grammaticalization is an empirical tool in linguistic description and a perspective on typology. The phenomenon had been noted in african languages by lord 91, 92. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages heine, bernd, reh, mechthild on. The notion of substrate language had not been hitherto unknown, but it was. What are the classification of african languages answers. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and sranan volume 2 issue 3 gillian sankoff skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Typically this change occurs though reanalysis of a serial verb construction, as in cantonese.
It will be argued that the traditional understanding of metaphoricalization meta and metonymization meto resides at the. Grammaticalization raises many questions, many of which are as pertinent for tamil as they are for ewe or for other languages. They saw grammaticalization as an important tool for describing the workings of languages and their universal aspects and it provided an. There have been many attempts to classify the languages of the african continent since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The languages of africa are classified into at least five groups.